Autism is a diverse and multifaceted experience, shaped by a wide range of traits that make each individual unique. Molly Sharlach’s July 2025 article, “Major autism study uncovers biologically distinct subtypes, paving the way for precision diagnosis and care,” provides valuable insights into a groundbreaking study that identified distinct subtypes of autism. The findings covered in her article informed this newsletter.
This research was conducted through a collaboration between Princeton University and the Simons Foundation. It moves beyond earlier approaches that focused on isolated genetic markers. Instead, it examined over 230 traits per child—including social communication, repetitive behaviors, and developmental milestones—across a group of more than 5,000 children. This comprehensive view reveals clearer patterns and distinct subtypes that reflect the diversity within autism.
Introducing Four Distinct Autism Subtypes
1. Social and Behavioral Challenges (about 37% of participants)
Individuals in this group show core characteristics of autism, such as differences in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors, while typically reaching developmental milestones on time. Many also experience ADHD, anxiety, OCD, or depression. The gene activity in this group tends to appear later in childhood, which may explain later clinical presentation.
2. Mixed ASD with Developmental Delay (about 19% of participants)
This group experiences developmental delays alongside a mix of social and repetitive behaviors. Mood or behavioral differences are less common in this group. They often carry rare inherited genetic variants.
3. Moderate Challenges (about 34% of participants)
Those in this group tend to have more subtle autism traits and typically reach developmental milestones on time. They generally experience fewer co-occurring mental health difficulties.
4. Broadly Affected (about 10% of participants)
This group experiences a broader and more complex range of support needs, including developmental delays, social and communication differences, repetitive behaviors, and mental health conditions such as anxiety and mood dysregulation. They are more likely to carry spontaneous (non-inherited) genetic mutations.
By recognizing that autism can present through multiple, biologically grounded pathways, families and professionals can:
- Better understand the wide range of experiences and identities within the autism spectrum.
- Choose more personalized, affirming approaches to learning, communication, and daily life.
- Anticipate support needs in more proactive, compassionate ways.
- Celebrate neurodivergent strengths and foster meaningful inclusion.
This perspective is not about placing limits on identity. Rather, it provides clearer, compassionate guidance to provide support to autistic individuals with respect and care.
This study marks an important shift from searching for a one-size-fits-all understanding of autism to embracing its full diversity. Identifying four subtypes is only the beginning. As research continues, it will deepen our ability to offer care, accommodations, and community grounded in respect, science, and the lived experiences of autistic people themselves.
For a quick overview of this topic, I invite you to watch the 3-minute video below.
I provide neuropsychological evaluations for Autism and ADHD for individuals ages 8-48 in California, both in-person and online (my online assessment option is for ages 18+). To schedule a complimentary 15-minute video consultation meeting and check your insurance reimbursement benefits, please visit my website.
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Reference
Sharlach, M. (2025). Major autism study uncovers biologically distinct subtypes, paving the way for precision diagnosis and care. Princeton University. https://www.princeton.edu/news/2025/07/09/major-autism-study-uncovers-biologically-distinct-subtypes-paving-way-precision